Best Airsoft Sniper Rifles Under 150 | Review 2024

Get one of these 15 best airsoft sniper rifles under 150 dollars that allow for extreme precision and ultimate performance.

The best airsoft sniper rifle under $ 150

The craziest game to exist to date is the airsoft sport that mimics the war zone and lets you feel like a real military hero. Steeping into higher tiers of quality, the search for the best sniper rifle under $200 introduces options that provide enhanced accuracy and features for dedicated marksmen.

You need an airsoft sniper rifle to play the game on an indoor or outdoor field. The airsoft sniper rifle is used to project BB pellets that are used to take down the opponent. While this game is fun to play, you need to have some skills to use the rifles.

Airsoft sniper rifles use BB plastic pellets that leave a nasty sting upon impact. It works by bolt action, and they have a longer barrel that helps you aim better and accurately. Other than that, they are a bit lighter than real rifles and are easier to use. We have compiled the 3 best airsoft sniper rifles under 150 dollars so that you can choose your favorite one.

Best Airsoft Sniper Rifles Under 150 Dollars

1. BBTac Airsoft Sniper Rifle M62 – Best Budget Airsoft Sniper

Step in the airsoft battlefield with all the might and the confidence of a winner with BBTac Airsoft Sniper Rifle M62. Your sniper rifle will bring chills in your enemies because it will not fail you even for a second.

This bolt action rifle is made with supreme precision that offers stability and long-range shooting. BBTac M62 is everything you need for airsoft combat. We love its fast-loading feature; with its clip, it only takes a second to reload and shoot, which allows for ultimate convenience.

bbtac-m62 best budget airsoft sniper rifle lesser than one hundred fifty dollars

BBTac Airsoft M62 is considered the best airsoft sniper rifle under 150 dollars due to its supreme build. It is made with top-quality ABS polymer that allows for durability and supreme performance. It shoots .2g BBs at higher FPS to ensure you don’t miss your target.

The spring-loaded feature allows for a powerful shooting making you stand victorious along with your team in the war zone. Besides, this six-caliber airsoft sniper rifle offers 20 rounds, and its metal barrel prevents heat damage making it a long-lasting product.

Pistol grip and metallic bolt of BBTac M62
20 rounds clip and metallic barrel of bBTac M62

In addition to that, it has an ergonomic build which makes it highly convenient and comfortable to hold when you are shooting. It weighs only 4 pounds; therefore, you will not feel tired even when you hold it for long periods of time. Since it is a bolt action rifle, it can shoot the pellet to a larger distance with ultimate precision.

I particularly noticed that Its bolt action is genuine, and you almost feel like you are dealing with real combat rifles to elevate your gaming experience. Moreover 73% of the users/reviewers have asserted the effectiveness of the adjustable cheek riser.

Adjustable cheek riser of BBTac M62. Best budget airsoft sniper rifle under $150
Adjustable Cheek riser
  • Durable ABS frame
  • Metal barrel
  • Authentic bolt action
  • Missing parts reported by one customer

Overall, if you are looking for an affordable airsoft sniper rifle with some incredible features, BBTac M62 is your best bet. It is built with premium quality ABS polymer and has a metal barrel. Other than that, it offers a quick reload to ensure you don’t miss a single target. Lastly, it offers real bolt action that allows for realistic combat feels.


2. Double Eagle Field Marksman – Low Priced Airsoft Sniper Rifle

Next from our best airsoft sniper rifle under 150 dollars review list is the ultimate Double Eagle Field Marksman Bolt Action sniper rifle. Double Eagle is known for its higher FPS and precision when you shoot.

Removing the orange tip from an airsoft sniper rifle requires careful consideration of local laws and regulations to ensure compliance and safety during the process, How To Take Orange Tip Off Airsoft Sniper Rifle.

The durability and design of this sniper rifle speak for themselves. It is made with premium quality ABS polymer that makes it high-strength and long-lasting. Adding to that, it is exceptionally lightweight and ergonomically built, which makes it easy to hold.

Double eagle- priced lower than 150
Bipod of Double eagle

The barrel, bolt, and trigger are made up of high-quality metal, making it rugged and heat resistant. Our favorite part is its adjustable hop-up system which is used to create backspin on the projectile, which results in increased velocity by reducing the air pressure on the projectile.

The sniper rifle uses .20 grams BB and offers a whopping 400 to 420 FPS, making it one of the best rifles for airsoft. This sniper rifle is made for moderate ranges making it best for indoor games.

If you find it hard to keep the rifle’s stability intact, worry not! Double Eagle airsoft sniper rifle comes with a bipod which can be mounted on the front rail to increase stability.

You wouldn’t miss a single target if you have the bipod mounted. In addition to that, it also comes with a speed loader that prevents jamming by cleaning it up every time. Last but not least, we have found this gun easy to use and maintain and thus we conclude that it is excellent for beginners.

  • Easy to use
  • It comes with a bipod
  • Speed loader system included
  • Not a long-range rifle

If you are looking for a higher FPS rifle at an affordable price tag, Double Eagle Field Marksman is your way to go. It comes loaded with so many incredible features making it everyone’s favorite.

For instance, it is made with premium quality ABS plastic and high-strength metal to make it long-lasting. In addition to that, it offers 400 to 420 FPS value for a .20g BBs which means it hits harder and faster. Last but not least, this airsoft sniper rifle comes with a bipod which allows for extreme stability.


3. BBTac MB06D – Good Cheap Airsoft Sniper Rifle

Next in line is this supreme airsoft sniper rifle by BBTac, which will take your whole gaming experience to another level. It features a whopping 470 FPS value which makes it the fastest airsoft sniper rifle.

The best thing we noticed about this rifle is that it has a durable metal frame, making it heavier and the most stable of all. The stability of this rifle ensures you don’t miss a single target in the whole venture.

Other than that, it features 27 rounds, making it one of the best airsoft sniper rifles under 150 dollars. Some of its parts are made up of premium quality plastic which is wear and heat resistant. It is made with precision which allows you to aim and shoot with ultimate accuracy.

The 3x scope on this airsoft sniper rifle allows you to aim better and take down each and every target with a single shot. This ammunition is loaded with a high-performance reinforced spring that allows for a boost in the FPS.

BBTac 470 Good airsoft sniper rifle cheaper than one fifty dollars

In addition to that, BBTac MB06D sniper rifle is easy to maintain and operate. It offers a single shot and easy bolt action, which allows for superior convenience. Not only that, but it also comes with a removable clip that consists of 27 rounds at one time.

For extra stability, you get a bipod stand that keeps the rifle still, allowing for spot-on shooting. Lastly, BBTac MB06D Wellfire APS can be used for short as well as long-range shooting.

Bipod of BBTac MB06D
Scope view of MB06D BBTac
  • Easy to operate
  • Has FPS as high as 470
  • Extremely stable
  • Some users have state that it is a bit heavier

Overall, this is a great airsoft sniper rifle that has everything you need for your airsoft game. First of all, it comes with a removable clip that offers 27 rounds. Other than that, it comes with a bipod stand that allows for extreme stability.

Not only that, but this airsoft sniper rifle also provides 470 FPS which makes the shooting faster and pinpoint.


4. Well MB13 Heavy Weight Airsoft Sniper Rifle with Scope and Bipod

Our list of weapons is a little short airsoft MB13 sniper rifle. There is an M4 crane stock with side tactical rails, but doesn’t that deter you? Compared to other sniper rifles on the market, such a design is more portable than most of them.

Well MB13 Heavy Weight Airsoft Sniper Rifle with Scope and Bipod Review

The receiver is equipped with a top Picatinny rail, which is compatible with a wide range of optics. A 3-9×40 scope is provided with a kit that can be used to teach you the basic of marksmanship and will help you in your journey. 

The hand guard has a full metal bipod that makes prone sniping easy. The bipod stabilizes the weapon without relying on anything else. It’s always comfortable to hold a sniper rifle. They also have a metal barrel and bolt so performance is above average.

They are also more accurate and often get hit by battlefield stresses. therefore they are made of metal this weapon costs less than $150 and has these features. In this price range, most guns are barebones and barely good enough for combat.

Well MB13 Heavy Weight Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

  • Hopping-up is adjustable
  • Bipod and scope included
  • Accuracy and range are good
  • Some sniper rifles are more powerful than others
  • There isn’t much scope in stock

5. CYMA ZM51 Bolt Action Airsoft Sniper Rifle w/ Scope and Bipod

This ZM51 bolt action sniper rifle by CYMA looks more like a traditional weapon. The rifle is a replica of the famous Remington Model 700 rifle used by the united states army. The updated modern features of this airsoft replica make it different from the older version.

CYMA ZM51 Bolt Action Airsoft Sniper Rifle w/ Scope and Bipod Review

The illuminated scope is the most noticeable feature of the ZM51. As a result of the glowing crosshairs. it works perfectly in low-light conditions. In addition, you have a 20mm weaver rail on top of the bolt. 

The BBS is pulled and chambered by a smooth metal bolt. Most snipers know smooth bolts help increase shooting rates, especially for follow-up shots. Metal inner and outer barrels also increase accuracy.

To make the weapon more portable, CYMA includes two sling points. Therefore you can reposition faster. You can also use a sidearm during this time.

The illuminated scoop is a great touch even though it’s less than $150. It means you have more freedom to customize this rifle since there aren’t any other accessories.

CYMA ZM51 Bolt Action Airsoft Sniper Rifle w/ Scope and Bipod Review

  • Cheap
  • Construction in metal
  • Adaptable hops
  • Precision and range
  • Bipod and scope included
  • Easy to carry
  • There isn’t much scope in stock
  • Some sniper rifles are more powerful than others

6. Double Eagle M59P Airsoft Sniper Rifle w/ Scope and Bipod

Fans of accuracy International L96 might recognize this double eagle M59P. despite the company’s best efforts, you can’t tell the difference at first glance. As mandated by US federal law the orange tip is the only difference.

Double Eagle M59P Airsoft Sniper Rifle w/ Scope and Bipod Review

The M59P comes with a Bushnell telescopic sight and mounting rings. As a result, you can practice sniping with confidence. There’s a 20mm Picatinny rail above the bolt. So you can easily swap it out. There’s an adjustable cheek rest and stock on the M59P. it is not too hard to find the right spot, and the rifle becomes comfortable to shoulder after a while. 

This folding bipod attaches to the polymer handguard so snipers can use it on any flat surface. As well as making shouldering easier. The bolt works like butter so shooting is easy its easy to rack and follow up. 

The rifle comes with two sling mounts for portability. The stock has one and the handguard has another. You can reposition more safely singing the weapon since your hands are free to hold any other weapons you are carrying. 

This sniper rifle is made by a double eagle which makes quality low-cost airsoft guns. You will be surprised to find an authentic Bushnell scope and rings with this gun. A gun like that usually costs twice as much.

Double Eagle M59P Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

  • Cheap
  • Construction in metal
  • Adaptable hops
  • Accuracy and range
  • Bipod and scope included
  • A Sniper Rifle with Scope and Bipod from Double Eagle
  • Quite heavy
  • Gas-powered rifles are more powerful, but spring-powered rifles are less powerful
  • There isn’t much scope in stock

7. AGM L96 AWP Bolt Action Airsoft Sniper Rifle

As with accuracy international widely-adopted accuracy international arctic warfare rifles, the AGML96 is also a replica of the popular AGML96. As opposed to the double eagle model.

AGM L96 AWP Bolt Action Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

This one does not come with any extra accessories, unlike the model from double eagle.

There is only one rifle included in the package and that is the base rifle. However, if you are a beginner sniper you can still pick up one of these guns, and professionals will also find a base model rifle useful. 

Despite this fact, it comes with a standard 20mm Picatinny rail on top of the bolt. You can choose to mount your sight on the gun if you wish. In addition to sniper optics, adding red dot sights can also be a valid option in addition to sniper scopes.

The AMGL96 is equipped with both an adjustable stock and a cheek rest so you can adjust the fit as you please. To find the perfect fit for your L96 sniper rifle, these two parts are included on all military-issued sniper rifles.

Chambering a BB is now easier than ever thanks to a fluidly operating full metal bolt. A quick bolt which works in conjunction with a full-length precision inner barrel, allows you to shoot much faster. Even though this gun has no sights or bipod.

The stock is adjustable and the furniture is of high quality it might even appear to cost $300 based solely on its appearance. There’s more money to buy good accessories since it’s not too expensive.

AGM L96 AWP Bolt Action Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

  • Construction that lasts
  • Barrels and receivers are metal
  • Hop-ups that adjust
  • Accuracy and long range
  • Upgradeable
  • Colors galore
  • Airsoft sniper rifle, black, AGM L96 AWP
  • Quite heavy
  • Not as powerful as gas-powered rifles, but spring-powered
  • There’s not a lot of scope in stock

8. Lancer Tactical M82 .50-Cal Spring Airsoft Sniper Rifle

A replica of the monstrous Bsrret m82.50 caliber anti-material rifle made by Lancer Tactical is not something you see every day. Human targets can be eliminated by the original weapon but it was originally designed for tanks. Regulations and rules require the gun to be toned down for airsoft.

Lancer Tactical M82 .50-Cal Spring Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

This copy differs from others because of its mechanism. Instead of a semi-automatic gas replica, this is a spring-action gun. As a result, it is less expensive than a gas rifle by about 10 times.

Featuring a full metal barrel, this replica is made of polymer. Combining the two weights less than seven pounds, makes them easier to carry. Picatinny rails can be used for mounting sights and you can add accessories if you like.

It is possible to mount a bipod on the handguard although there is no bipod included, when your prone that makes the weapon easier to carry.

You can fit most people in the stock because it’s ergonomically designed. Before you buy it you should know that it’s not adjustable. The weapon is still 55.1 inches long despite its lightened construction.

This barret .50 caliber airsoft replica is the cheapest you will find but it still performs just as well as more expensive guns. Upgrades and better weapons are accessories available if you have more money.

Lancer Tactical M82 .50-Cal Spring Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

  • Construction that lasts
  • Barrels and receivers are metal
  • Hop-ups that adjust
  • Accuracy and long range
  • Upgradeable
  • Colors galore
  • Airsoft sniper rifle, black, AGM L96 AWP
  • Quite heavy
  • Not as powerful as gas-powered rifles, but spring-powered
  • There’s not a lot of scope in stock

 9. ASG M40A3 Sportline Airsoft Sniper Rifle

In the airsoft market, ASG has brought an affordable M40A3 spring rifle. In my opinion, it’s the best budget airsoft sniper rifle. With the spring action model, you get the standard M40A3 features, like an adjustable cheek rest and stock, and a rail for mounting optics.

ASG M40A3 Sportline Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

You can adjust the stock cheek rest and hop up easily. Red dot sights or scopes can be attached to the top rail since it’s perfectly positioned with the receiver. The bottom front also has a rail section for attaching a bipod or other rail accessories. Getting into the sniper role without breaking the bank is easy with the ASG M40A3.

ASG M40A3 Sportline Airsoft Sniper Rifle

  • Awesome range and accuracy
  • M40 is very light weighted and more comfortable
  • Adjustable cheek rest
  • Bipod rail can be stronger
  • Limited upgrade parts

10. WELL, Bar-10 G-Spec airsoft sniper rifle

Since the Marui VSR-10, the well BAR-10 G-SPEC spring sniper rifle has been the best spring sniper rifle on the market. Shoots over 500 FPS with the spring sniper metal cylinders and metal triggers making it durable and reliable.

WELL, Bar-10 G-Spec airsoft sniper rifle review

You can upgrade the gun to its lightweight and BAR-10 and its accuracy. It comes with everything you will need to assemble the gun, including the gun speed loader, magazine manual, and all of the hardware you will need to do so. 

A 420-450 FPS rifle with a 30th magazine and adjustable hop-up. The pistol comes with a QD VSR-10 mock suppressor included. Great Marui aftermarket parts are compatible with the Angel Custom parts for the VSR-10 upgrade. The scope & bipod are available with the upgrade. A metal cocking lever and bolt are included.

It comes straight from the manufacturer. A mock barrel extension is also included as part of the G-spec model which mounts on the barrel end to simulate a real barrel. Those of you who are looking for a bolt action sniper that is inexpensive to perform well. And has a lot of potential and should look no further than the well BAR-10.

WELL, Bar-10 G-Spec airsoft sniper rifle review

  • Suppressor included
  • Ample ammunition
  • Tip of an orange giant
  • Not great, but good internals

11. Echo1 ASR Advanced Airsoft Sniper Rifle

If you are looking for a bolt action spring rifle. The ECHO1 advanced sniper rifle is probably your best option. From the moment you open the box, this gun is field-ready. Besides two 22-round magazines, the gun also features a bipod that can be quickly detached and a muzzle velocity between 420 and 450 feet per second.

Echo1 ASR Advanced Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

Although they didn’t stop there, the company has also developed an ECHO 1 ASR upgrade kit which can increase the shooting speed of the gun to 500+FPS. For those who want more firepower or more accuracy, the MK96 tight bore barrel will work in the ASR but will protrude beyond the barrel end. 

To this end, the client has the choice of either an M4 LE or a pistol grip making it a very comfortable and familiar gun to use for any M4 user.

An optics mounting rail is located at the top of the bolt assembly for mounting optics on top of it. To save weight the gun is made up of the majority of durable polycarbonate, while the barrel and the bolt assembly are durable metal components, making it a very sturdy gun to use.

For an amazingly affordable price, you can get the complete sniper package right out of the box ready to go right out of the box.

Echo1 ASR Advanced Airsoft Sniper Rifle Reviews

  • Compatible with M4 style and grips
  • Left right-hand switchable handles
  • M4 style ergonomics
  • Polymer tube

12. Bravo Full Metal MK98 Bolt Action Sniper Rifle

This Bravo airsoft sniper rifle model BV7 is an ideal sniper rifle for beginners looking to gain some experience in the field. With a bolt action design with an adjustable hop up, the bravo MK8 rifle has a lightweight plastic lower receiver, an upper receiver that’s made from metal, and a realistic bolt action design with a metal upper receiver.

Bravo Full Metal MK98 Bolt Action Sniper Rifle Review

Also included with it is an OEM Bravo BV7 upgrade kit that allows you to increase your FPS by over 500. Considering the low price of this rifle. It is an excellent choice for those looking to get into shipping at such an affordable price. A bipod is also included with the rifle as part of the package which includes

As a result of the smart design, it can be configured to handle 400-440 FPS at 30 rounds per magazine, an attractive hop-up unit, one piece metal barrel with precision flutes, a full Picatinny rail system, finely fluted metal barrel, a realistic muzzle brake, spring actuated bipod.

Bravo Full Metal MK98 Bolt Action Sniper Rifle under 15- Review

  • With bipod and muzzle brake
  • High-quality
  • There is no compatibility with VSR-10

13. JG BAR-10 G-Spec Airsoft Sniper Rifle

The JG BAR 10 G SPEC already shoots extremely accurately right out of the box. This gun has a metal outer barrel and trigger assembly as well as a metal inner barrel.

JG BAR-10 G-Spec Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review Best Long range

This suppressor is quick to detach, which makes it convenient when you need a shorter sniper rifle in certain situations. Compared to the Tokyo Marui VSR-10  this gun is the closest to VSR10  and most of its upgrade parts can be used with it. 

As a result, there is good availability of aftermarket parts for the vehicle. If you want to upgrade your sniper rifle but you are not budgeted then this airsoft gun is n ideal choice for you.

This firearm shoots from 420 to 450 FPS and has a 30-round magazine an adjustable hop-up metal cylinder and trigger box assembly a metal outer barrel and a quick detach mock suppressor.

JG BAR-10 G-Spec Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review Best Long range

  • TM compatibility
  • Weightless
  • The receiver is made of plastic

14. AMOEBA Striker Gen 2 Bolt Action Spring Sniper Rifle

In the context of bolt gun games, the amoeba striker is a relatively new corner of the market, but it is an excellent mid-range option that can be used by both new players and more experienced players alike. When it comes to performance, the striker is no joke thanks to its polymer chassis and range of colors.

AMOEBA Striker Gen 2 Bolt Action Spring Sniper Rifle Review

Even though is not exactly compatible with VSR/BAR10 styles upgrades and several first-party aftermarket accessories make the striker a contender.

As long as you use AEG springs in conjunction with the amoeba striker you can expect to hit approximately 400FPS with a .20gbb. There are 55 rounds of ammunition in the amoeba striker magazine short pull bolt and a fully adjustable stock of this model.

AMOEBA Striker Gen 2 Bolt Action Spring Sniper Rifle Review

  • Cheap
  • Sniper rifle Amoeba Striker Gen 2 Bolt Action
  • Low-weight and compact
  • Range and accuracy
  • Hopper-style
  • Construction that lasts
  • Updateable
  • FPS low by default (upgradeable)
  • Disassembles slowly

15. WELL, L96 Airsoft Sniper Rifle

There’s nothing better than an airsoft sniper rifle and the L96 is one of the most popular. This model has a lot of history behind it. Since different manufacturers make their version of the L96, there are a lot of upgrade options. Due to slight differences in models from different manufacturers you have to research to figure out which upgrades will work on it.

WELL, L96 Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

In comparison to other sniper rifles, the L96 is more accurate and comfortable, and adjustable. it is comfortable to shoot with a thumbhole stock especially when prone. When you pull up to see through the scope you can also adjust the cheek riser to get a good sight picture. Also, the recoil pads on the end of the stock can be adjusted to make it fit you perfectly.

This L96  is cheaper than other L96S models made by Tokyo Marui. It comes out of the box with a lot of metal parts for better longevity and realitbitiy. Nd it is capable of shooting 400plus FPS making it one of the best cheap airsoft sniper rifles on the market today.

WELL, L96 Airsoft Sniper Rifle Review

  • Affordability
  • Long-lasting
  • Body made of metal
  • Range is good
  • Maintainable
  • Easily upgradeable
  • FPS is low right out of the box
  • A little less accurate than some other sniper rifles
  • It’s hard to disassemble

Frequently Asked Questions:

There are hundreds of sniper rifles you can find online or in the market that can be called the best as they are manufactured by leading companies. However, the best airsoft sniper rifle from the above list has to be the BBTac Airsoft Sniper Rifle M62. It features some impressive specifications that make it a long-range and the most stable airsoft sniper rifle.

400 FPS airsoft sniper rifles are extremely in demand because of their high-speed shooting and precision. 400 FPS means that the projectile will travel 400 feet per second upon leaving the barrel. In addition to that, 400 FPS are good for long-range shooting, and they allow for accurate hits.

BBTac is a leading airsoft brand that makes some of the best rifles there ever is. They make futuristic sniper rifles that are loaded with many useful features. Their airsoft rifles and other accessories offer promising durability and provide extreme precision and accuracy during the combat peak.

The maximum effective range of an airsoft gun with an FPS of 400 is usually somewhere around 200 feet. And this fps range has sniper rifles that can reach 300 feet effective range.

Keep in mind a speed of 350 feet per second says Beeman. As far as human skin penetration is concerned that where penetration occurs at 300 to 400 frames per second. Below 350 frames per second, it is generally considered to be capable of only minor harm whereas above 350 frames per second, it is considered very damaging or deadly.

How many frames per second is the site limited to? All Weapons with full auto fire are limited to 350 FPS on the site. DMR Rifles that have been locked to semi-automatic can fire up to 450 FPS. The limit for any bolt-action weapon and sniper rifle is set at 500 FPS.

Having played airsoft for the last decade and attended 100s of games over the years the majority of my time has been spent playing the sniper do let me warn you now having played the sniper for the last decade that it is without a doubt one of the hardest roles to play the game.

This happens when you play you experience low frame rates 1 percent of the time. a frame rate of 0.1 low refers to the lowest rate you experience 0.1% of the time.

Final Thoughts

Airsoft is a crazy combat simulation game that allows for interaction and enhances your concentration. Airsoft is played on an indoor or outdoor field that mimics a battle zone. You need high precision, stable, and high-performance airsoft sniper rifles or firearms so that you can win the game. We have compiled the 3 best airsoft sniper rifles under 150 dollars in the above section. Listed below is the product that we can recommend without hesitation.

All in all, airsoft not only takes your adrenaline to the peak but also improves your aiming and concentration. It takes a good quality precision rifle to perform well on the airsoft battlefield. All the products mentioned above are manufactured by leading companies that promise durability, performance, and reliability.

We started with 11 airsoft sniper rifles falling in 150$ budget available in market and then after initial scrutiny of the 19 YouTube videos and 09 review articles through Qualitative research analysis using NVivo research tool, we narrowed down to Three top of the line products. These guns were then tested by our experts comparing all the indices. The above review is the result of Six hours of research and testing.